Methods for promoting wound healing and muscle regeneration with the cell signaling protein Nell1

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides methods for promoting wound healing and treating muscle atrophy in a mammal in need. The method comprises administering to the mammal a Nell1 protein or a Nell1 nucleic acid molecule.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/238,882, filed Sep. 26, 2008, the entire content and disclosure of which are incorporated herein by reference. This application is also related to U.S. application Ser. No. 11/192,813, entitled “Cranial and Vertebral Defects Associated with Loss-of-Function of Nell1.” This application is also related to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. Nos. 60/995,854 filed on Sep. 28, 2007 and 61/079,446 filed on Jul. 10, 2008 entitled “Treatment of Cardiovascular Disorders Using the Cell Differentiation Signaling Protein Nell1.”

Application Ser. No. 12/238,882 asserts the priority of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/976,023 filed on Sep. 28, 2007, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH

The United States Government has rights in this invention pursuant to contract no. DE-AC05-00OR22725 between the United States Department of Energy and UT-Battelle, LLC.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to the field of wound healing and muscle regeneration. In particular, the invention relates to the discovery that Nell1 protein promotes wound healing and muscle regeneration.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Wound healing involves a series of complex biological processes whereby injured tissue is repaired, specialized tissue is regenerated, and new tissue is reorganized. The healing of wounds is generally divided into three phases: the inflammatory phase, the proliferative phase, and maturation and remodeling phase.

In the inflammatory phase, the clotting cascade is initiated in order to stop blood loss. In addition, various factors, such as chemokines, cytokines, and growth factors, are released to attract and activate cells that phagocytize debris, bacteria, and damaged tissue.

The proliferative phase is characterized by angiogenesis and rebuilding of the extracellular matrix architecture which includes collagen deposition, granulation tissue formation, and epithelialization. The formation of new blood vessels, such as capillaries, and the formation of extracellular matrix enable activated satellite cell to proliferate, differentiate, and fuse into new muscle fibers.

Typically, the maturation and remodeling phase of wound healing is said to begin when the levels of collagen production and degradation equalize. During maturation, type III collagen, which is prevalent during proliferation, is gradually degraded and the stronger type I collagen is laid down in its place. The originally disorganized collagen fibers are rearranged, cross-linked, and aligned. In addition, the newly regenerated muscle matures and contracts with the reorganization of the scar tissue.

An impairment in any of these complex phases leads to complications in wound healing. Therefore, it would be beneficial to provide methods for promoting wound healing and/or muscle regeneration.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

These and other objectives have been met by the present invention, which provides, in one aspect, a method for promoting healing of a wound in a mammal in need thereof. The method comprises administering to the mammal an effective amount of Nell1 protein or nucleic acid molecule.

In another aspect, the invention provides a method for treating skeletal muscle atrophy in a mammal in need thereof. The method comprises administering to the mammal an effective amount of Nell1 protein or nucleic acid molecule.

For a better understanding of the present invention, together with other and further advantages, reference is made to the following detailed description, and its scope will be pointed out in the subsequent claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1. Amino acid sequence of human Nell1 protein (SEQ ID No: 1).

FIG. 2. Nucleotide sequence encoding human Nell1 (SEQ ID No: 2).

FIG. 3. Amino acid sequence of rat Nell1 protein (SEQ ID No: 3).

FIG. 4. Nucleotide sequence encoding rat Nell1 (SEQ ID No: 4).

FIG. 5. Amino acid sequence of mouse Nell1 (SEQ ID No: 5).

FIG. 6. Nucleotide sequence encoding mouse Nell1 (SEQ ID No: 6).

FIG. 7. Amino acid sequence alignment of the human Nell1 protein (SEQ ID NO: 1) and the mouse Nell1 protein (SEQ ID NO: 5). The functional domains of the human Nell1 protein are found in the essentially same regions as those identified in the mouse Nell1 protein

FIGS. 8A and 8B. Nell1 role in blood vessel and capillary network formation.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The invention is based on the surprising discovery by the inventor that, Nell1 protein promotes wound healing and muscle regeneration. Throughout this specification, parameters are defined by maximum and minimum amounts. Each minimum amount can be combined with each maximum amount to define a range.

Method for Promoting Healing of a Wound

In one aspect, the present invention provides a method for promoting healing of a wound in a mammal in need thereof. As used herein, the term “promoting healing of a wound” refers to augmenting, improving, increasing, or inducing closure, healing, or repair of a wound. Wound healing is considered to be promoted, for example, if the time of healing a wound treated with Nell1 compared to a wound not treated with Nell1 is decreased by about 10%, preferably decreased by about 25%, more preferably decreased by about 50%, and most preferably decreased by about 75%. Alternatively, wound healing is considered to be promoted if the time and extent of re-acquisition of muscle contractility and function treated with Nell1 compared to a wound not treated with Nell1 is improved by about by about 10%, preferably improved by about 25%, more preferably improved by about 50%, and most preferably improved by about 75%. Conversely, the degree of scar formation can be used to ascertain whether wound healing is promoted.

The wound can be an internal wound or an external wound found in any location of a mammal. A wound is typically caused by physical means, such as mechanical, chemical, bacterial, or thermal means. Wounds can also be caused by accidents, such as a car accident, a fall, injuries sustained in battle (deep lacerations and amputations in soldiers), etc. or by surgical procedures, such as open heart surgery, organ transplants, amputations, and implantations of prosthetics, such as joint and hip replacement, etc. The wound can be an open wound or closed wound.

Open wounds refers to wounds in which the skin is broken. Open wounds include, for example, incisions (i.e., wounds in which the skin is broken by, for instance, a cutting instrument (e.g., knife, razor, etc.)), lacerations (i.e., wounds in which the skin is typically broken by a dull or blunt instrument), abrasions (e.g., generally a superficial wound in which the topmost layers of the skin are scraped off), puncture wounds (typically caused by an object puncturing the skin, such as nail or needle), penetration wounds (e.g., caused by an object such as a knife), and gunshot wounds.

Closed wounds are typically wounds in which the skin is not broken. An example of a closed wound is a contusion.

Any mammal suffering from a wound, such as those described above, is in need of promoting wound healing in accordance with the method of the present invention.

Mammals also in need of promoting wound healing further include any mammal with a disease or condition associated with impaired neovascularization and/or impaired angiogenesis. Neovascularization typically refers to the formation of functional microvascular networks with red blood cell perfusion. Angiogenesis refers generally to the protrusion and outgrowth of capillary buds and sprouts from pre-existing blood vessels. Examples of diseases or conditions associated with impaired neovascularization and/or impaired angiogenesis include diabetes, vascular diseases and aging

In one embodiment, the wound healing is promoted in the mammal by promoting regeneration of skeletal muscle. Muscle tissue generally regenerate from reserve myoblasts called satellite cells. The satellite cells are typically found distributed throughout muscle tissue. In undamaged muscle, the majority of satellite cells are quiescent in that they neither differentiate nor undergo cell division.

Following muscle injury or during recovery from disease, satellite cells re-enter the cell cycle, proliferate, and enter existing muscle fibers or undergo differentiation into multinucleate myotubes which form new muscle fiber. The myoblasts eventually yield replacement muscle fibers or fuse into existing muscle fibers, thereby increasing fiber girth.

Thus, the term “regeneration of skeletal muscle” refers to the process by which new skeletal muscle fibers form from muscle progenitor cells. The new skeletal muscle fibers can be new skeletal muscle fibers that replace injured or damaged muscle fibers or new skeletal fibers that fuse into existing muscle fibers.

Skeletal muscle regeneration is considered to be promoted if the number of new fibers is increased at least about 1%, more preferably at least by about 20%, and most preferably by at least about 50%.

In another embodiment, the wound healing is promoted in the mammal by promoting collagen production. Collagen is a fibrous structural protein and a major component of the extracellular matrix. Any type of collagen can be promoted in accordance with the method of the present invention. Examples of types of collagen include, but are not limited to, collagen types I-XXVIII. Preferably, the collagen is type I, collagen type III, collagen type IV, or collagen type VI.

The term “promoting collagen production” refers to an increase in the amount of collagen produced. Any method known to those skilled in the art can use used to determine whether the production of collagen is increased. For example, an increase in collagen production can be determined by analyzing for increased expression of collagen by using, for example, Northern Blot, real time RTPCR, etc. Typically, collagen production is considered to be promoted if the amount of collagen is increased by at least about 1%, more preferably at least by about 10%, and most preferably by at least about 20%.

In one aspect, the method for promoting healing of a wound comprises administering to the mammal in need thereof, an effective amount of a Nell1 protein. The Nell1 protein useful in the methods of the present invention is described below.

In another aspect, the method for promoting healing of a wound comprises administering to the mammal a nucleic acid molecule encoding a Nell1 protein. The nucleic acid molecule useful in the methods of the present invention is described below.

Method for Treating Muscle Atrophy

In another aspect, the present invention provides a method for treating skeletal muscle atrophy in a mammal in need thereof. The term “muscle atrophy” refers to loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength. The atrophy can be found in any location of a mammal.

Skeletal muscle atrophy can be caused by, for example, genetic abnormalities (e.g., mutations or combinations of certain single nucleotide polymorphisms), poor nourishment, poor circulation, loss of hormonal support, disuse of the muscle due to lack of exercise (e.g., bedrest, immobilization of a limb in a cast, etc.), and aging.

Alternatively, skeletal muscle atrophy can be caused by loss of nerve supply to a target organ. Examples of such diseases and conditions include CMT (Charcot Marie Tooth syndrome) poliomyelitis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS or Lou Gehrig's disease), and Guillain-Barre syndrome.

Conversely, skeletal muscle atrophy can be a disease of the muscle tissue itself. Examples of such diseases include, but are not limited to, muscular dystrophy, myotonia congenita, and myotonic dystrophy.

Similarly, certain diseases and conditions can also induce skeletal muscle atrophy. Examples of such diseases and conditions include congestive heart failure and liver disease.

Any mammal suffering from skeletal muscle atrophy, such as those described above, can be treated in accordance with the method of the present invention. In one aspect, the method for treating skeletal muscle atrophy includes administering to the mammal an effective amount of a Nell1 protein described below. The Nell1 protein promotes skeletal muscle regeneration, thereby treating the skeletal muscle atrophy.

In another aspect, the method for treating skeletal muscle atrophy comprises administering to the mammal a nucleic acid molecule encoding a Nell1 protein. The nucleic acid molecule useful in the methods of the present invention is described below.

Nell1 Protein

Nell1 protein is a protein kinase C (PKC) β-binding protein. The Nell1 protein useful in the methods of the present invention can comprise a polypeptide having the same amino acid sequence as Nell1 protein derived from nature, a recombinant Nell1 protein, a homolog thereof, or fragments thereof. Accordingly, a “Nell1 protein” as used herein, also refers to homologs and fragments thereof.

The amino acid sequence of Nell1 protein is highly conserved across species. For example, the mouse Nell1 protein shares about 93% sequence identity with the human Nell1 protein, which, in turn, shares about 90% sequence identity with the rat Nell1 protein. FIG. 7 shows a sequence alignment between human Nell1 protein and mouse Nell1 protein.

Since the amino acid sequence of Nell1 protein is highly conserved, the naturally occurring amino acid sequence of Nell1 protein can be from any animal. For example, the Nell1 protein can be human Nell1, rat Nell1, or mouse Nell1.

The amino acid sequence of human Nell1 protein can be found at GenBank Accession No. AAH96102, and is shown in FIG. 1 (SEQ. ID. NO: 1). Due to the degeneracy of the genetic code, an example of a nucleotide sequence which encodes SEQ. ID. NO: 1 is shown in FIG. 2 (SEQ. ID. NO:2).

The amino acid sequence of rat Nell1 protein can be found at GenBank Accession No. NP_(—)112331, and is shown in FIG. 3 (SEQ. ID. NO: 3). An example of a nucleotide sequence which encodes SEQ. ID. NO: 3 is shown in FIG. 4 (SEQ. ID. NO: 4).

The amino acid sequence of mouse Nell1 protein can be found at GenBank Accession No. NP_(—)001032995, and is shown in FIG. 5 (SEQ. ID. NO: 5). An example of a nucleotide sequence which encodes SEQ. ID. NO: 5 is shown in FIG. 6 (SEQ. ID. NO: 6).

The structure of Nell1 proteins has been characterized (see, e.g., Kuroda et al., 1999a; Kuroda et al., 1999b, Desai et al., 2006). For example, the mouse Nell1 protein (SEQ ID NO: 5) is a protein of 810 amino acids, having a secretion signal peptide (amino acids 1 to 16), an N-terminal TSP-like module (amino acids #29 to 213), a Laminin G region (amino acids #86 to 210), von Willebrand factor C domains (amino acids #273 to 331 and 699 to 749), and a Ca²⁺-binding EGF-like domains (amino acids #549 to 586).

The secretion signal peptide domain of Nell1 protein is an amino acid sequence in the protein that is generally involved in transport of the protein to cell organelles where it is processed for secretion outside the cell. The N-terminal TSP-like module is generally associated with heparin binding. von Willebrand factor C domains are generally involved with oligomerization of Nell1. Laminin G domains of Nell1 protein are generally involved in adherence of Nell1 protein to specific cell types or other extracellular matrix proteins. The interaction of such domains with their counterparts is generally associated with, for example, processes such as differentiation, adhesion, cell signaling or mediating specific cell-cell interactions in order to promote cell proliferation and differentiation. The Ca²⁺-binding EGF-like domains of Nell1 binds protein kinase C beta, which is typically involved in cell signaling pathways in growth and differentiation

Homologs of Nell1 protein include, for example, a substitution mutant, a mutant having an addition or insertion, or a deletion mutant of the protein. Substitutions in a sequence of amino acids are preferably with equivalent amino acids. Groups of amino acids known to be of equivalent character are listed below:

-   -   (a) Ala(A), Ser(S), Thr(T), Pro(P), Gly(G);     -   (b) Asn(N), Asp(D), Glu(E), Gln(O);     -   (c) His(H), Arg(R), Lys(K);     -   (d) Met(M), Leu(L), Ile(I), Val(V); and     -   (e) Phe(F), Tyr(Y), Trp(W).

Any substitutions, additions, and/or deletions in an amino acid sequence are permitted provided that the Nell1 protein is functional. An amino acid sequence that is substantially identical to another sequence, but that differs from the other sequence by means of one or more substitutions, additions, and/or deletions, is considered to be an equivalent sequence.

In order to compare a first amino acid to a second amino acid sequence for the purpose of determining homology, the sequences are aligned so as to maximize the number of identical amino acid residues. The sequences of highly homologous proteins can usually be aligned by visual inspection. If visual inspection is insufficient, the amino acid molecules may be aligned in accordance with methods known in the art. Examples of suitable methods include those described by George, D. G. et al., in Macromolecular Sequencing and Synthesis, Selected Methods and Applications, pages 127-149, Alan R. Liss, Inc. (1988), such as formula 4 at page 137 using a match score of 1, a mismatch score of 0, and a gap penalty of −1.

Preferably, less than 15%, more preferably less than 10%, and still more preferably less than 5% of the number of amino acid residues in the sequence of Nell1 are different (i.e., substituted for, inserted into, or deleted from). More preferably still, less than 3%, yet more preferably less than 2% and optimally less than 1% of the number of amino acid residues in a sequence are different from those in a naturally occurring sequence.

Preferably, the substitutions, additions, and/or deletions are not made in the conserved regions of the protein or in the functional domain of the protein. Examples of conserved regions of Nell1 protein include the secretory signal, Willebrand like domain, thrombospondin-like domains and laminin-like domains. Examples of functional domains of Nell1 protein include the EGF like domains. Thus, substitutions, additions, and/or deletions in the non-conserved and/or non-functional regions of the protein can typically be made without affecting the function of Nell1 protein.

A Nell1 protein further includes Nell1 protein fragments that retain the ability to promote healing of wounds and skeletal muscle regeneration. Preferably, the Nell1 protein fragment contains one or more of the conserved regions and/or functional domains of the protein. For example, the Nell1 protein fragments can comprise the EGF like domains and/or the von Willebrand like domain of Nell1 protein.

The minimum length of a Nell1 functional fragment is typically at least about 10 amino acids residues in length, more typically at least about 20 amino acid residues in length, even more typically at least about 30 amino acid residues in length, and still more typically at least about 40 amino acid residues in length. As stated above, wild type Nell1 protein is approximately about 810 amino acid residues in length. A Nell1 functional derivative can be at most about 810 amino acid residues in length. For example, a Nell1 functional derivative can be at most at most about 820, 805, 800, 790, 780, 750, 600, 650 600, 550, etc. amino acid residues in length

Once a Nell1 functional protein homolog or Nell1 functional protein fragment is made, such protein can be tested to determine whether it retains substantially the activity or function of a wild type Nell1 protein. For example, the ability of a Nell1 homolog or fragment to bind PKC beta can be tested. Suitable assays for assessing the binding of Nell1 to PKC beta is described in e.g., Kuroda et al. (Biochemical Biophysical Research Comm. 265: 752-757 (1999b)). For example, protein-protein interaction can be analyzed by using the yeast two-hybrid system. Briefly, a modified Nell1 protein can be fused with GAL4 activating domain and the regulatory domain of PKC can be fused with the GAL4 DNA-binding domain.

In addition, the ability of a Nell1 protein homolog or fragment to stimulate differentiation of precursor cells, such as skeletal satellite cells, to maturity can be tested. Maturity of skeletal muscle cells can be assessed cellularly (histology) and molecularly (expression of skeletal muscle-specific proteins or extracellular matrix materials). Still further, a Nell1 protein homolog or fragment can be tested for its ability to drive osteoblast precursors to mature bone cells, by detecting expression of late molecular bone markers or mineralization (i.e., calcium deposits). By comparing the activity of a Nell1 protein homolog or fragment with that of a wild type Nell1 protein in one or more of the assays such as those described above, one can determine whether such homologs or fragments retain substantially the activity or function of a wild type Nell1 protein.

The Nell1 protein, functional homolog or functional fragment may be prepared by methods that are well known in the art. One such method includes isolating or synthesizing DNA encoding the Nell1 protein, and producing the recombinant protein by expressing the DNA, optionally in a recombinant vector, in a suitable host cell. Suitable methods for synthesizing DNA are described by Caruthers et al. 1985. Science 230:281-285 and DNA Structure, Part A: Synthesis and Physical Analysis of DNA, Lilley, D. M. J. and Dahlberg, J. E. (Eds.), Methods Enzymol., 211, Academic Press, Inc., New York (1992). Examples of suitable Nell1 nucleic acid sequences include SEQ. ID. NOs: 2, 4, and 6.

The Nell1 protein may also be made synthetically, i.e. from individual amino acids, or semisynthetically, i.e. from oligopeptide units or a combination of oligopeptide units and individual amino acids. Suitable methods for synthesizing proteins are described by Stuart and Young in “Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis,” Second Edition, Pierce Chemical Company (1984), Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis, Methods Enzymol., 289, Academic Press, Inc, New York (1997). Examples of suitable Nell1 amino acid sequences include SEQ. ID. NOs: 1, 3, 5, homologs thereof, and fragments thereof.

Nell1 Nucleic Acid Molecules

Any nucleic acid sequence that encodes for Nell1 protein can be used in the methods of the present invention. Suitable nucleic acid molecules encoding Nell1 protein for use in the methods of the present invention include nucleic acid molecules having a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ. ID. NOs: 2, 4 and 6, as well as degenerate sequences thereof. As used herein, the term “degenerate sequence” refers to a sequence formed by replacing one or more codons in the nucleotide sequence encoding wild type Nell1 protein with degenerate codes which encode the same amino acid residue (e.g., GAU and GAC triplets each encode the amino acid Asp). The nucleic acid molecules can be incorporated into recombinant vectors suitable for use in gene therapy.

Examples of vectors suitable for use in gene therapy may be any vector that comprises a nucleic acid sequence capable of expressing the Nell1 protein in a mammal, especially a human, in need of such therapy. The suitable vector may be for example a viral vector (e.g., such as an adenovirus vector, adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector, retroviral vector, herpes simplex viral vector, polio virues and vaccinia vectors), nonviral vectors (e.g., plasmid vectors), etc. See for example: Ledley 1996. Pharmaceutical Research 13:1595-1614 and Verma et al. Nature 1997. 387:239-242.

Examples of retroviral vectors include, but are not limited to, Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMuLV), Harvey murine sarcoma virus (HaMuSV), murine mammary tumor virus (MuMTV), and Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV)-derived recombinant vectors. A Nell1-coding nucleotide sequence can be placed in an operable linkage to a promoter in the expression vector, wherein the promoter directs the expression of the Nell1 protein in the targeted tissue or cells, and includes both a constitutive promoter and a tissue or cell-specific promoter

Administration

The Nell1 protein or nucleic acid molecule is administered to a mammal in need thereof. The mammal may be a farm animal, such as a goat, horse, pig, or cow; a pet animal, such as a dog or cat; a laboratory animal, such as a mouse, rat, or guinea pig; or a primate, such as a monkey, orangutan, ape, chimpanzee, or human. In a preferred embodiment, the mammal is a human.

The Nell1 protein or nucleic acid molecule can be incorporated in a pharmaceutical composition suitable for use as a medicament, for human or animal use. The pharmaceutical compositions may be for instance, in an injectable formulation, a liquid, cream or lotion for topical application, an aerosol, a powder, granules, tablets, suppositories or capsules, such as for instance, enteric coated capsules etc. The pharmaceutical compositions may also be delivered in or on a lipid formulation, such as for instance an emulsion or a liposome preparation. The pharmaceutical compositions are preferably sterile, non-pyrogenic and isotonic preparations, optionally with one or more of the pharmaceutically acceptable additives listed below.

Pharmaceutical compositions of Nell1 protein or nucleic acid molecule are preferably stable compositions which may comprise one or more of the following: a stabilizer, a surfactant, preferably a nonionic surfactant, and optionally a salt and/or a buffering agent. The pharmaceutical composition may be in the form of an aqueous solution, or in a lyophilized form.

The stabilizer may, for example, be an amino acid, such as for instance, glycine; or an oligosaccharide, such as for example, sucrose, tetralose, lactose or a dextram. Alternatively, the stabilizer may be a sugar alcohol, such as for instance, mannitol; or a combination thereof. Preferably the stabilizer or combination of stabilizers constitutes from about 0.1% to about 10% weight for weight of the Nell1 protein.

The surfactant is preferably a nonionic surfactant, such as a polysorbate. Some examples of suitable surfactants include Tween20, Tween80; a polyethylene glycol or a polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene glycol, such as Pluronic F-68 at from about 0.001% (w/v) to about 10% (w/v).

The salt or buffering agent may be any salt or buffering agent, such as for example, sodium chloride, or sodium/potassium phosphate, respectively. Preferably, the buffering agent maintains the pH of the pharmaceutical composition in the range of about 5.5 to about 7.5. The salt and/or buffering agent is also useful to maintain the osmolality at a level suitable for administration to a human or an animal. Preferably the salt or buffering agent is present at a roughly isotonic concentration of about 150 mM to about 300 mM.

The pharmaceutical composition comprising Nell1 protein or nucleic acid molecule may additionally contain one or more conventional additive. Some examples of such additives include a solubilizer such as for example, glycerol; an antioxidant such as for example, benzalkonium chloride (a mixture of quaternary ammonium compounds, known as “quats”), benzyl alcohol, chloretone or chlorobutanol; anaesthetic agent such as for example a morphine derivative; or an isotonic agent etc., such as described above. As a further precaution against oxidation or other spoilage, the pharmaceutical compositions may be stored under nitrogen gas in vials sealed with impermeable stoppers.

An effective amount of the Nell1 protein or nucleic acid molecule, preferably in a pharmaceutical composition, may be administered to a human or an animal in need thereof by any of a number of well-known methods. For example, the Nell1 protein or nucleic acid molecule may be administered systemically or locally, for example by injection.

The systemic administration of the Nell1 protein or nucleic acid molecule may be by intravenous, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intrathecal or oral administration. Alternatively, the Nel-1 protein or nucleic acid molecule may be applied topically in appropriate situations. Such situations include, for example, skin abrasions and surface wounds.

The Nell1 protein can be administered by a cell based gene therapy. For example, allogeneic or xenogenic donor cells are genetically modified in vitro to express and secrete Nell1 protein. The genetically modified donor cells are then subsequently implanted into the mammal in need for delivery of Nell1 protein in vivo. Examples of suitable cells include, but are not limited to, endothelial cells, epithelial cells, fibroblasts, myoblasts, satellite cells, and skeletal muscle cells, stem cells, such as adult stem cells, embryonic stem cells, and cord blood stem cells.

Alternatively, the genetically modified donor cells can be incorporated into a matrix containing an appropriate microenvironment to maintain, for a given time, the viability and growth of the genetically modified donor cells. The matrix can be applied to, for example, a surface wound. Expression and secretion of Nell1 by the genetically modified donor cells promotes healing of the wound. After the wound is healed, the matrix can be removed. Examples of suitable matrices include, but are not limited to, wound dressings, collagen matrix, patches, and hydrogels.

An effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition of the invention is any amount that is effective to achieve its purpose. The effective amount, usually expressed in mg/kg can be determined by routine methods during pre-clinical and clinical trials by those of skill in the art.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Expression of the Nell1 Protein in the Skin and Underlying Muscle Cells

Sagittal sections of whole fetal bodies collected a day before birth were analyzed by immunohistochemical methods using an antibody for the Nell1 protein. The red/pink staining in the epidermis, dermis and underlying skeletal muscle of normal fetal mice (FIG. 8A) indicates the abundant presence of the Nell1 protein. Note the absence of the protein in the Nell1^(6R) mutant (FIG. 8B) and the resulting disordered architecture of dermis and underlying muscle.

Example 2 Genes in the Nell1 Pathway

Genes that are part of the Nell1 pathway during musculoskeletal development were determined by quantitative real time PCR (qRTPCR) assays and microarray analyses of fetal bodies (15 and 18 days of gestation). The role of Nell1 in muscle formation was revealed by the immunohistochemistry and microarray data. The genes in the Nell1 pathway associated with wound healing and muscle regeneration include Tenascin b (Tnxb), Tenascin C (Tnc), osteoblast specific factor (Osf2), periostin, Matrilin 2 (Matn2), Collagen VI a 1 (Col6a1), protein kinase C (PKC), Notch 3, TAL/SCL, Bcap31, Collagen IV a 1 (Col4a1).

Example 3 Nell1 Promotes Wound Healing and Muscle Regeneration in a Poor Wound Healing Mouse Strain

Severe muscle injury is induced in adult SJL/J mice a strain, known to be a genetically poor wound healer. The ability of purified recombinant human Nell1 protein is tested in the wound healing of severely lacerated leg muscles of SJL/J mice. Wounding is induced by surgically removing a sliver of muscle (approximately 5 mm long×1 mm wide×2 mm deep) from the left gastrocnemius muscle of adult mice (4-5 months old) and the skin wound is sutured. On the third day after wounding, 5 mice are given phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution to serve as controls, 5 mice are treated with 312 ng Nell1 protein (Dose I) and another 5 mice with 624 ng protein (Dose II). Nell1 Protein diluted in PBS (8 microliters) is administered directly along the entire length of the gaping muscle wound by dripping from a microinjector with a fine gauge needle. Wound healing is assessed one week post-treatment. Observations are made under a dissecting microscope.

Example 4 Nell1 Promotes Muscle Regeneration in Chemically-Induced Type I Diabetic Mice

Type I diabetes is induced in mice by streptozotocin (STZ), an alkylating agent that destroys the pancreatic islet cells. Commercially produced diabetic mice are purchased from The Jackson Laboratory. Diabetic mice are generated by the following method: At 8 weeks of age, one daily intraperitoneal injection of STZ for five consecutive days. Two weeks after the last STZ injection, mice are weighed and blood glucose levels are measured. Mice with at least 300-400 mg/dL blood glucose levels are considered diabetic. Wounding surgeries are performed as previously described in Example 3, but are done on younger adult mice (three months old) due to the severity of the induced diabetes (diabetic mice are already at 400-600 mg/dL at this stage). Four diabetic mice are given PBS as controls and four are given 312 ng of purified recombinant human Nell1 protein diluted in PBS. Protein is given two days after wounding and treatment effects are examined after one week.

Example 5 Nell1 Promotes Muscle Regeneration in Aged Mice

Ten to twelve month old C57BL/6 mice are lacerated in the leg muscle as described Examples 3 and 4. Nell1 protein is injected or administered as described in Examples 3 and 4 directly into the wound site. The mice are euthanized at different time points, wounds are evaluated and their tissue is collected for histological analysis.

Example 6 Nell1 Promotes Wound Healing of Chemically and Heat Damaged Muscle Tissue

Mammals with chemically or heat-induced muscle damage are treated with Nell1 protein in the wound and areas immediately bordering the damaged tissue. This can be a single administration of the appropriate Nell1 protein level or can be incorporated into wound dressings, bandages or ointments to provide a lower dose but continuous/time release introduction of Nell1. In addition, tissue grafts can be implanted into the damaged area along with the Nell1 protein introduced in the boundaries of the graft in order to promote vascularization and success of the tissue grafts onto the damaged areas.

Thus, while there have been described what are presently believed to be the preferred embodiments of the invention, changes and modifications can be made to the invention and other embodiments will be know to those skilled in the art, which fall within the spirit of the invention, and it is intended to include all such other changes and modifications and embodiments as come within the scope of the claims as set forth herein below 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for promoting healing of a skeletal muscle wound in a mammal, the method comprising: (a) locally administering to the skeletal muscle wound an effective amount of an autologous or allogeneic cell comprising an expression vector encoding a Nell1 protein, wherein the cell of step (a) expresses the Nell1 protein and is selected from the group consisting of an endothelial cell, epithelial cell, fibroblast, myoblast, satellite cell, skeletal muscle cell, and adult stem cell, and wherein said Nell1 protein has an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, or 5 and stimulates differentiation of precursor cells to maturity, thereby promoting healing of the skeletal muscle wound.
 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the Nell1 protein comprises SEQ ID NO:
 1. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the Nell1 protein comprises SEQ ID NO:
 3. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the Nell1 protein comprises SEQ ID NO:
 5. 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the Nell1 protein is a human Nell1 protein.
 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the mammal is a human.
 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein local administration is by injection.
 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein local administration is topical.
 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the mammal suffers from a disease or condition associated with impaired neovascularization or impaired angiogenesis.
 10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the mammal has diabetes, a vascular disease, or is aging.
 11. The method according to claim 1, wherein the skeletal muscle wound is caused by a mechanical, chemical, bacterial, or thermal means.
 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein the skeletal muscle wound is caused by thermal means.
 13. The method according to claim 1, wherein the cell is incorporated into a matrix.
 14. A method for promoting healing of a skin wound in a mammal, the method comprising: (a) locally administering to the skin wound an effective amount of an autologous or allogeneic cell comprising an expression vector encoding a Nell1 protein, wherein the cell of step (a) expresses the Nell1 protein and is selected from the group consisting of an endothelial cell, epithelial cell, fibroblast, myoblast, satellite cell, skeletal muscle cell, and adult stem cell, and wherein said Nell1 protein has an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, or 5 and stimulates differentiation of precursor cells to maturity, thereby promoting healing of the skin wound.
 15. The method according to claim 14, wherein the skin wound is caused by mechanical, chemical, bacterial, or thermal means.
 16. The method according to claim 15, wherein the skin wound is caused by thermal means.
 17. The method according to claim 14, wherein the Nell1 protein comprises SEQ ID NO:
 1. 18. The method according to claim 14, wherein the Nell1 protein comprises SEQ ID NO:
 3. 19. The method according to claim 14, wherein the Nell1 protein comprises SEQ ID NO:
 5. 20. The method according to claim 14, wherein the Nell1 protein is a human Nell1 protein.
 21. The method according to claim 14, wherein the mammal is a human.
 22. The method according to claim 14, wherein said skin wound is an open wound.
 23. The method according to claim 22, wherein said open wound is selected from the group consisting of an incision, a laceration, an abrasion, a puncture wound, a penetration wound, and a gunshot wound.
 24. The method according to claim 14, wherein local administration is by injection.
 25. The method according to claim 14, wherein local administration is topical.
 26. The method according to claim 14, wherein the mammal suffers from a disease or condition associated with impaired neovascularization or impaired angiogenesis.
 27. The method according to claim 26, wherein the mammal has diabetes, a vascular disease, or is aging.
 28. The method according to claim 14, wherein promoting healing of the open wound comprises closure of the wound.
 29. The method according to claim 14, wherein the cell is incorporated into a matrix.
 30. A method for treating skeletal muscle atrophy in a mammal, the method comprising: (a) locally administering to a site of skeletal muscle atrophy an effective amount of an autologous or allogeneic cell comprising an expression vector encoding a Nell1 protein, wherein the cell of step (a) expresses the Nell1 protein and is selected from the group consisting of an endothelial cell, epithelial cell, fibroblast, myoblast, satellite cell, skeletal muscle cell, and adult stem cell, and wherein said Nell1 protein has an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, or 5 and stimulates differentiation of precursor cells to maturity, thereby treating skeletal muscle atrophy.
 31. The method according to claim 30, wherein the Nell1 protein comprises SEQ ID NO:
 1. 32. The method according to claim 30, wherein the Nell1 protein comprises SEQ ID NO:
 3. 33. The method according to claim 30, wherein the Nell1 protein comprises SEQ ID NO:
 5. 34. The method according to claim 30, wherein the Nell1 protein is a human Nell1 protein.
 35. The method according to claim 30, wherein the mammal is a human.
 36. The method according to claim 30, wherein local administration is by injection.
 37. The method according to claim 30, wherein local administration is topical.
 38. The method according to claim 30, wherein the cell is incorporated into a matrix.
 39. A method for promoting healing of a wound caused by thermal means in a mammal, the method comprising: (a) locally administering to the wound an effective amount of an autologous or allogeneic cell comprising an expression vector encoding a Nell1 protein, wherein the cell of step (a) expresses the Nell1 protein and is selected from the group consisting of an endothelial cell, epithelial cell, fibroblast, myoblast, satellite cell, skeletal muscle cell, and adult stem cell, and wherein said Nell1 protein has an amino acid sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1, 3, or 5 and stimulates differentiation of precursor cells to maturity, thereby promoting healing of the wound caused by thermal means.
 40. The method according to claim 39, wherein the Nell1 protein comprises SEQ ID NO:
 1. 41. The method according to claim 39, wherein the Nell1 protein comprises SEQ ID NO:
 3. 42. The method according to claim 39, wherein the Nell1 protein comprises SEQ ID NO:
 5. 43. The method according to claim 39, wherein the Nell1 protein is a human Nell1 protein.
 44. The method according to claim 39, wherein the mammal is a human.
 45. The method according to claim 39, wherein local administration is by injection.
 46. The method according to claim 39, wherein local administration is topical.
 47. The method according to claim 39, wherein the mammal suffers from a disease or condition associated with impaired neovascularization or impaired angiogenesis.
 48. The method according to claim 47, wherein the mammal has diabetes, a vascular disease, or is aging.
 49. The method according to claim 39, wherein promoting healing of the wound comprises closure of the wound.
 50. The method according to claim 39, wherein the cell is incorporated into a matrix.
 51. The method according to claim 1, wherein said method comprises locally administering to the skeletal muscle wound an effective amount of an allogeneic cell expressing a Nell1 protein.
 52. The method according to claim 14, wherein said method comprises locally administering to the wound an effective amount of an allogeneic cell expressing a Nell1 protein.
 53. The method according to claim 30, wherein said method comprises locally administering to the site of skeletal muscle atrophy an effective amount of an allogeneic cell expressing a Nell1 protein.
 54. The method according to claim 39, wherein said method comprises locally administering to the wound an effective amount of an allogeneic cell expressing a Nell1 protein.
 55. The method according to claim 13, wherein said matrix comprises a wound dressing.
 56. The method according to claim 29, wherein said matrix comprises a wound dressing.
 57. The method according to claim 38, wherein said matrix comprises a wound dressing.
 58. The method according to claim 50, wherein said matrix comprises a wound dressing.
 59. The method according to claim 1, wherein the mammal is a horse.
 60. The method according to claim 14, wherein the mammal is a horse.
 61. The method according to claim 30, wherein the mammal is a horse.
 62. The method according to claim 39, wherein the mammal is a horse.
 63. The method according to claim 1, wherein said autologous or allogeneic cell comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, or
 6. 64. The method according to claim 63, wherein said nucleotide sequence comprises SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, or
 6. 65. The method according to claim 63, wherein said nucleotide sequence is operably linked to a promoter in an expression vector.
 66. The method according to claim 14, wherein said autologous or allogeneic cell comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, or
 6. 67. The method according to claim 66, wherein said nucleotide sequence comprises SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, or
 6. 68. The method according to claim 66, wherein said nucleotide sequence is operably linked to a promoter in an expression vector.
 69. The method according to claim 30, wherein said autologous or allogeneic cell comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, or
 6. 70. The method according to claim 69, wherein said nucleotide sequence comprises SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, or
 6. 71. The method according to claim 69, wherein said nucleotide sequence is operably linked to a promoter in an expression vector.
 72. The method according to claim 39, wherein said autologous or allogeneic cell comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, or
 6. 73. The method according to claim 72, wherein said nucleotide sequence comprises SEQ ID NO: 2, 4, or
 6. 74. The method according to claim 72, wherein said nucleotide sequence is operably linked to a promoter in an expression vector.
 75. The method according to claim 1, wherein said effective amount of said autologous or allogeneic cell is administered to said wound about 2 to about 3 days after wounding.
 76. The method according to claim 14, wherein said effective amount of said autologous or allogeneic cell is administered to said wound about 2 to about 3 days after wounding.
 77. The method according to claim 39, wherein said effective amount of said autologous or allogeneic cell is administered to said wound about 2 to about 3 days after wounding. 